Currently, tourism and hospitality are the most popular and profitable industries. Vocabulary enrichment in these areas is due to the English-language borrowing of words, so, like any professional field, they have their own terminology. As we know, English is a recognized means of international communication.
Borrowing is one of the most productive ways of forming new words in the Russian language, which indicates the tendency of convergence of the two language systems of terms.
If you delve into the history of the Russian language, you can see that the process of borrowing words has always occurred before. The Russian language absorbed the vocabulary of Germanic languages and Latin (pre-Slavic period), Greek, and then the old/Church Slavonic language (the era of Christianization), from the Turkic languages (throughout history), Polish (XVI-XVIII centuries), Dutch (XVII century), German and French (XVIII-XIX centuries) and, finally, English (XX-beginning of XXI century) [2, p. 683].
Borrowing of words most often occurs as it is used in written and oral form, where it takes root and is adapted to rooting in accordance with the norms.
English is an officially recognized tool that captures preserves and disseminates terms in the tourism industry. Also in the service sector, we often hear borrowed English, which for the Russian language has become a common phenomenon. It is worth noting that the origin of foreign words is barely felt by native speakers of the Russian language, and their true meaning can be found out only with the help of etymology analysis.
In Russian and English loanwords can be divided into three groups: loanwords, calque and hybrid formations.
Most of the borrowings in the system of terms in the field of tourism and hospitality are direct ones, i.e. foreign words are transferred to the Russian lexicon by means of transliteration (to change letters into corresponding characters of another alphabet or language [3]) or transcription.
For example, such words are: service; reception — the place of the administrator; management; marketing; hostel; tourism; business; brand; diversification – the development of new (different) activities by the enterprise; leasing – long-term lease with subsequent redemption; know-how – technology, the secret of production, which allows you to create a product/service in a unique way; PR – public relations; price list; promoter – a person who is engaged in the promotion of goods/services in the market; realtor – a specialist in real estate, an intermediary between the buyer and the seller; a startup is a newly emerged company; a freelancer is a person who performs temporary work; a holding company is a company that owns controlling stakes in several enterprises and thereby exercises control over them, etc.
Calque (indirect borrowing) is morpheme (the smallest unit of language that has its own meaning, either a word or a part of a word [4]) translation. Calque does not feel like a borrowed word, as it is composed of native Russian morphemes. The origin of such words is often unexpected (full board – полный пансион). Calques may also be partial: (agritourism – сельский туризм, pilgrimage tourism –паломнический туризм)
The third group is hybrid formations: camping-parking (кемпинг-стоянка), lounge area (лаунж-зона), guide-interpreter (гид-переводчик), reception-cocktail (прием-коктейль). They are made up of elements derived from both English and Russian words [1].
A huge number of English-language terms in the field of tourism are transferred to national systems of terms that have no analogues in national languages. They are saved in the form of internationalisms (for example, reception, inclusive, intensive tourism, timeshare, package tour, Charter, table d’hote, a La carte, catering, carving, code-sharing, voucher, affinity, stopover, overbooking, VIP service).
Recently, the Russian language has seen the emergence of many words that have become frequently used due to the development of tourism and hospitality industries. It can be assumed that words such as duty-free, diving, force majeure, timeshare, shop tour, parking, business class, VIP, tour leader, minibar, franchise, transfer, branding will remain in the language and will continue to be used.
There are also a number of terms that, based on observations, do not take root so easily. Such an example is the expression «all inclusive», which is most often translated and used in the Russian version: «все включено».
The word suite, which is pronounced in Russian as [сьют] is an example of a misused English term. Suite is a superior room, usually it is one room of a large area, which has a seating area. In English, the word is pronounced [swiːt], while suit [s(j)uːt] is a suit (костюм), a set, a set of clothes, a petition, a process, but not a superior hotel room [2, p. 684].
These internationalisms can also include: inclusive tour (инклюзив тур), consolidator (консолидатор), package tour (пэкидж тур), catering (кейтеринг), stopover (стоповер), affinity (аффинити), overbooking (овербукинг), allotment (аллотмент), tour operating (туроперейтинг), commitment (коммитмент). A number of terms remain in the English spelling (without transliteration) — bed & breakfast (hotel with a scheme of service BB) or hubs & spokes («air transport system connecting all types of flights (local and long-distance) in major airports as transport hubs»). At the moment, these concepts are not entrenched in the active vocabulary because of the difficulty of pronunciation and difficulty of understanding.
Thus, we can conclude that there are two trends of all English loan words relative to their degree of adaptation in the Russian language: the majority of English vocabulary acquire the image of Russian words (апартаменты, бизнес—тур, круиз, транзит, туроператор, чартер); in the language of tourism and hospitality, there are numerous foreign fragments, which retain the spelling of parts of words or whole words in Latin letters. This indicates that there is an increasing trend towards terminological internationalization, especially in such types of business as tourism and hospitality.
References
- Zavtur A. A., Krat M. V. Ways of borrowing English terminology in the field of tourism and service / A. A. Zavtur, M. V. Krat // Materials of the V International student electronic scientific conference «Student scientific forum». — [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.scienceforum.ru/2013/18/4702 (date accessed: 14.11.2019).
- Markova E. I., Markova I. D. Borrowed vocabulary in the sphere of tourism // Young scientist. — 2014. — No. 1. Pp. 682-684. — [Electronic resource]. URL: https://moluch.ru/archive/60/8878/ (date accessed 14.11.2019).
- Longman Pearson. Longman Dictionary of American English // Longman Pearson. — 2007-2009.
- Cambridge Dictionary. [Electronic resource]. URL: https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ru/ (date accessed: 06.12.2019).
